Fact Sheet: Contraceptive Mandates
In the debate about whether state and federal law should mandate contraceptive coverage, advocates have made numerous false claims about the supposed need for and effects of the mandates. Myth:"Failure to cover contraception constitutes sex discrimination." Facts: Most health plans do not cover purely elective procedures or services. Some health plans do not cover contraception or sterilization procedures for either men or women. These plans are not discriminatory, because they treat men and women equally in terms of coverage of benefits. Proponents of contraceptive mandates argue that because some health plans voluntarily cover Viagra all health plans should be required by law to cover contraception. But Viagra, used properly, treats a medical condition and restores reproductive function while contraception does just the opposite. Myth:"Contraceptive mandates will reduce the abortion rate by half." Facts: More than half (58%) of all abortion patients were using contraception during the month when they became pregnant.1 Only 11% of abortion patients have never used a method of contraception.2 Moreover, studies have shown that once contraception is more widely available, abortion rates may actually rise.3 In Maryland, for example, the first state to enact a contraceptive mandate, the number of abortions rose by 1,226 the year after the mandate took effect.4 Myth:Contraception is basic health care. Facts: Contraception is an elective intervention that stops the healthy functioning of healthy women's reproductive systems. Medically it is infertility, not fertility, that is generally considered a disorder to be treated. Contraceptives also have numerous side-effects and risks of serious complications. Proponents of contraceptive mandates have also obscured important consequences of many of these mandates. Most contraceptive mandate laws and proposed legislation, including the proposed federal mandate ("EPICC") would: Violate rights of conscience. Seventeen states have passed contraceptive mandates and one state has adopted such a mandate by administrative regulation. Of these eighteen states, only one protects the moral and religious beliefs of individuals and entities who object to contraception. Thirteen protect the conscience of religious employers but of these, six have adopted such narrow definitions of "religious employer" that many Catholic organizations do not qualify for the conscience protection. The proposed federal mandate would explicitly override existing conscience protection in the state mandates, requiring all religious employers (including the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops) to provide contraceptives. Cover so-called "emergency contraception," which has primarily an abortifacient effect. "Emergency Contraceptives" are multiple dose oral contraceptives taken after intercourse. The pills have four possible mechanisms: (1) suppressing ovulation, (2) altering cervical mucus to hinder the transport of sperm, (3) slowing the transport of the ovum and (4) inhibiting implantation of the newly conceived human embryo. This last mode of action ends the life of a developing human being and is therefore abortifacient. In fact, "[t]his mode of action could explain the majority of cases where pregnancies are prevented by the morning-after pill."11 Because of its misleading nomenclature and its approval as a "contraceptive" by the FDA, "emergency contraception" is mandated by almost all state contraceptive mandates. Only one state (North Carolina) has expressly excluded "emergency contraception" from its mandate. Undermine parental rights. Once contraception becomes a mandated prescription benefit, the benefit will apply to all beneficiaries of the health plan, including minor children. And in many cases, physicians are allowed to provide contraceptives to minors without parental consent, so children will often be able to obtain contraception covertly.12 In HMOs, where a family is covered for all services by one capitated fee, parents may not receive any notification that their child has been given a prescription contraceptive drug.
2012.2.28 2 marzo 1948 – Epifanio Li Puma – sindacalista L’uccisione del dirigente sindacale delle Madonie, trucidato mentre arava i campi del fratello sotto gli occhi del figlio. Come si può ammazzare un uomo? Come lo si può ammazzare a sangue freddo, davanti al figlioletto di soli 13 anni, che guarda con gli occhi sbarrati dal terrore?. Non si riuscì nemmeno ad imbastire un pro
White matter integrity of the whole brain isYihui Haoa, Zhening Liua, Tianzi Jiangc, Gaolang Gongc, Haihong Liua, Lihua Tanb, Fan Kuangb, Lin Xua,d,aThe Institute of Mental Health, bDepartment of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, cNational Laboratory ofPattern Recognition, Institute of Automation,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing and dLaboratory of